A binary operation * over real numbers is said to be associative if (x * y) * z = x * (y * z) and it is said to be reducible if x * y = x * z or y * w = z * w if and ...

In the late 1930s, Claude Shannon showed that by using switches that close for "true" and open for "false," it was possible to carry out logical operations by assigning the number 1 to "true" and 0 ...

Binary arithmetic, the basis of all virtually digital computation today, is usually said to have been invented at the start of the eighteenth century by the German mathematician Gottfried Leibniz. But ...